June 19, 2013

Take the Narcissistic Personality Inventory Test

Some members of the community and I have been discussing narcissism and its role in the workplace.  It’s a fascinating topic because having to deal with a boss who is either narcissistic or sociopathic can present major hurdles to your own agenda, or worse, present temptations to behave in ways that compromise your own morality in order to stay sheltered from the rage that would otherwise befall you.

During this conversation, Dr. Drew Pinksey and co-author S. Mark Young’s recent book, The Mirror Effect, came up.  Specifically, the 40-point Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI), that is included in it.  You can go and take the exam here.  Write down your answers because you need to add up some math at the end based on the letters you chose.

My score is either a 15 or 16 depending on the last question, which I struggle with answering.  I also had some other people around me fill it out about their perceptions of me, to act as an additional check on the calibration.  In both cases, the results were nearly identical.

The average score for Americans was 15.3, so at either 15 or 16 depending on the not-answered question, I am perfectly ordinary for my time and culture, which is expected as per the law of averages.*  Upon discovering this banausic diagnosis, my reaction:

Grumpy Cat Narcissism Test

Good.  I guess.

I shouldn’t be surprised given that I’ve long discussed three of my most hated personality traits on the site – envy, entitlement, and exploitation – which are three of the seven signs of narcissism.  (One of the signs – magical thinking – involves perceiving yourself as perfect.  That is anathema around these parts.  You should be the first person to try and find flaws in your thinking, behavior, actions, and systems.  Discovering areas that can be improved should cause joy, not rage!  That is how you get better over the years.)

I’m not much use on how to navigate these treacherous waters.  If my financial livelihood depended on working for someone who was a narcissist, I’d find a way to jump ship at the earliest possible time.  I might, if other people could be saved, consider a carefully orchestrated coup but I’d have to be in charge of, say, a team of people at a software company who were all good, honest folks that were seeing their most important projects jeopardized by some tyrannical overlord.

What’s the question I struggled with answering?  The last one.

Question 40

A. I am much like everybody else
B. I am an extraordinary person

The problem is that A is true.  However, if I think about B, “extraordinary” means, literally, “out of the ordinary”.  My experience and results are out of the ordinary based on impartial, factual data.  The median person my age has a net worth of $9,200, which is staggeringly low to me.  The median person my age does not have a college degree.  The list goes on and on; by all metrics, I’ve knocked it out of the park.  

However, it’s not because I am somehow intrinsically better than anyone else.  I just behaved in a way that maximized my probability of success after studying men and women who had also enjoyed success, adapting their methods for my own.  So my results are extraordinary but I am not so sure that I am extraordinary because the methods should work for anyone who employs them, even if we all have different skill areas that we can leverage to achieve the ends.

Compounding doesn’t know if you are old or young, black or white, gay or straight, male or female, rich or poor, conservative of liberal.  A single $10 bill invested at 10% for 10 years turns into $25.94.  It’s a basic scientific truth, much like the theory of gravity works the same on all people.  Gravity doesn’t wake up and say, “I don’t think I’m going to hold Asian women over the age of 65 to the Earth anymore.  You can float away now.”  It’s a universal force.

Going beyond that, I paid for my college education with my musical talents on a vocal performance scholarship but it required tremendous hours of effort and practice, memorization of songs in multiple languages, a detailed understanding of music theory, and knowledge of the historical appropriateness of certain sounds, tempos, and stylistic choices for specific types of pieces.  You aren’t born knowing the meaning behind Gesänge des Harfners nor the accurate way to interpret the music from birth. You are, however, born with a certain degree of raw talent that, by definition, makes things easier if it is above average.  In my case, I converted that into capital to use to advance my own goals, which included a college degree.

I’m able to “get” things much, much faster than almost all other people my age.  This has always been true since childhood.  However, they might still outperform me in certain areas because they have more knowledge of the topic.  So how do you define “extraordinary”?  I am below average in some areas and average in others, but there are certain spots in which I am the elite.  If I wanted to become a doctor, I’m sure I could become one of the best doctors in the world.  However, at present, a first year medical student would know vastly more than I do about anatomy.  Knowledge, and experience, trumps ability in most all cases.  In contrast, no matter how hard I tried, or how much I practiced, I would never be able to make tens of millions of dollars a year in the NBA because I am only 6′ tall.  That puts me at a significant disadvantage.

The story repeats elsewhere.  As a writer, I’ve made more doing it as a hobby than most authors earn after a lifetime of work.  Yes, there is a natural talent component, but it was developed over many years, and millions of written words.

Which one do I check?  This is not a simple question.

If I answer “A”, my narcissism score is 15.  If I answer “B”, my narcissism score is 16.

You decide.

If I were in university and taking this exam, I would scratch out both answers and write, “The methods I have utilized in my life are extraordinary and lead to superior results under present conditions but they are by no means unique to me.  In fact, I didn’t even develop most of them.  I simply ‘stood on the shoulders of giants’ and synthesized their insights in a way that could be applied to daily living.”  And I’d accept the lower grade if the professor insisted I hadn’t answered the question because it is the honest answer.

My question, if any of you are psychologists: Can a narcissist ever be cured?  If not, what does society do with these people?  I can see a major advantage in certain fields, like entertainment (a movie star is absolutely a dream job for a narcissist).  I have no idea.  I’m going to put this on the “too be studied in the future” list.

Footnotes: * My inner British humor causes me to want to dead pan, “That’s unfortunate.  I rather thought I would have scored much higher than other people given my impeccable personality.”  But until they invent a sardonicism font so people can recognize a joke, it would just get me in trouble as the site’s audience continues to grow.  There would be angry emails and off-site discussion about it.  Sometimes I miss our tiny community.  I need to decide, if any, the degree to which I am going to censor myself as the page views continue to expand.

  • Anon

    1) A. 16. This shouldn’t be a question.

    2) Not a psychologist, but a healthy narcissist over here. (A moderate level of narcissism can be healthy.) The answer is yes. The world has a way of knocking people down, especially when it’s deserved. But, not everyone who deserves to get knocked down gets knocked down. Also, a narcissist can be a cure for another narcissist (that one right there was deep!).

    • http://www.joshuakennon.com/ Joshua Kennon

      I came across that term during my reading but still don’t quite understand how it’s being used in the literature. What is a “healthy narcissist”? Has it affected your life or your relationships? (If any of this is too personal, I apologize. If you want me to I’ll delete the question.)

      • Anon

        I think a healthy narcissist is not meek and does not sell him/herself short. S/he recognizes that there’s something special about him/her. He/she has accomplished something special or maybe has a special talent. He/she is truthful with him/herself about it. I think an important part is that he/she does not flaunt it. He/she knows that there are others who are even more special or have a more special talent. He/she is objective. He/she would not sign up for Secret Service and take a bullet for someone who is not family.

        Using information from Bombai’s post: He/she does not have a sense of entitlement, he/she is determined to earn. He/she does not have an excessive need to be admired, but some admiration or recognition is nice. He/she does not exploit others. He/she generally relies on hard work and intellect. He/she does not envy others, but strives to better him/herself. He/she is somewhat preoccupied with power–because he/she is a bit of a realist. For sure, he/she has a belief in personal uniqueness. He/she is not arrogant publically. He/she does not try to publicize his specialness/greatness. It’s good enough that he/she knows it. He/she exhibits empathy, but selectively.

        There are only two ways if affects me, or at least two ways that I notice or recognize. Some people tell me I’m really smart and some tell me I’m smarter than they are. The second one makes me so very uncomfortable. Even though I think it’s true, it’s not something that should be uttered to someone and especially not uttered in the company of others. However, I’m not going to start acting dumber to change things. Secondly, some people I suspect, at times, think me smug. Sometimes it has a way of seeping out, especially over a sustained period of time. I try to keep my healthy narcissism private, but the longer an associate or co-worker knows me, the tougher it becomes to mask it. At some point, like 3-4 years in, no matter how much you try to hide it, the fact that you don’t make dumb mistakes, that you’re financially well off, that you don’t eat fast food, that you care about higher things, becomes too well known.

        • weixiluo

          But isn’t healthy narcissism a lot like hypomania?

        • Gilvus

          From my (shallow) understanding, hypomania is characterized by periods of mild mania – you’re laser-focused for hours with no apparent external stimuli, almost like your brain naturally produces its own Adderall. Healthy narcissism just means that the desire to be recognized, respected, or admired overwhelms laziness, doubt, and other inhibitions that keep a lot of people from taking that first step and persevering. Combined with a competitive spirit, healthy narcissism is what spurs non-hypomanic folks forward.

          I’d like to consider myself a healthy narcissist, because I’ve used that to my advantage before. But a lot of the Jedi mind tricks I use on myself border on arrogance, so I try to avoid relying on them unless I have to bring out the heavy artillery.

        • weixiluo

          Agreed. However the problem with all these “disorders” is that they are not dichotomous, but are rather on a continuous scale. A lot of the symptoms may also apply to multiple disorders at the same time. The difference between a disorder and another can be difficult to delimit, just as how ‘mild’ is sometimes difficult to differentiate from ‘severe’. For example, “inflated self-esteem or grandiosity” can apply to both hypomania and healthy narcissism.

          I got 16 (5 authority, 4 self-sufficiency, 3 superiority, 0 exhibitionism, 1 exploitativeness, 1 vanity, 2 entitlement), and as you did I have used narcissism to my advantage before, but due to my average score I’m not sure if that would qualify as being a healthy narcissist.

        • Gilvus

          I don’t think a “healthy narcissist” is really a label for normality or a disorder. I think it’s an attempt to reclaim the term “narcissism”, which generally carries a negative connotation. We evolved narcissism for a reason: to balance our self-interests with the needs of the herd. What better way to achieve that than by bolstering self-esteem by contributing to the group?

          So in other words: “narcissist” is a pejorative term for someone who is detrimentally self-obsessed or arrogant, but a moderate dose of the same characteristics (“healthy narcissism”) actually increases group cohesion and aggregate well-being.

          Maybe I’m just pulling stuff out of my rear, but that’s the most rational way I can see it with the evidence I have. Or maybe I’m just rationalizing it in a positive light because I scored so high on the dark triad personality tests. Thoughts?

        • weixiluo

          My viewpoint on this matter is that any disorder or anomality in moderate amount is beneficial to both the individual and the group, and even full blown disorders such as narcissism can be useful in some way to the society since these individuals will often do things ‘normal’ people won’t.

        • http://www.facebook.com/joe.pierson.54 Joe Pierson

          agreed, e.g., there is destructive as well as constructive envy, constructive envy drives most billionaires (according to Buffet), they just don’t admit it until late in life when they seem to be much more honest with themselves, or at least their early selves.

        • weixiluo

          Constructive envy, in this sense, isn’t ‘real’ envy, at least not using Joshua’s definitions (of destructive envy), since a person with destructive envy gets angry and seeks out to harm the envied person. With constructive envy, there is only a desire to be better, not real hate or anger towards the envied person.
          In that sense, the desire to be superior, without hate or anger, of constructive envy is a dominant trait of healthy narcissism.

  • Riley

    This is easy. The answer is B. If you think it’s normal to be a self made member of the 1%, build one of the largest online financial sites as a side hobby, work at a record label for fun, sign a book deal when you were barely a teenager, and half the other stuff you do is normal, God help us all. One of the other comments I read today called your ability to teach complex topics a “divine spiritual gift”. That’s what it is. Accept that and thank you for taking the time to share a small part of your life with us.

  • jen111

    Ok, i’m going to be the differing opinion here. I can totally see how you come off as or would be perceived as narcissistic, however I don’t exactly get that vibe from you.

    • http://www.joshuakennon.com/ Joshua Kennon

      Never hesitate to be the differing opinion! Those are almost inevitably my favorite.

      I’m curious (I realize you’re probably busy but this would help my study of the topic tremendously so if you have a few minutes, please send me a message on the contact form): Why?

      I ask because during this discussion of narcissism in which I’ve been participating, there have been some interesting things other people have taught me and articles sent to me by those who are familiar with it. (I hope some of them jump into this conversation since they are much better versed on it than I am.)

      Narcissism traits are nearly uniform. From what I understand, narcissists tend to have a lot of physical short-term hookups (I’ve only been with, and married, my teenage romance never having a desire to be with anyone else), they tend to use a lot of explicatives and graphic sexual language (on the rare occasion I curse on the site, I tend to use astricks because it makes me uncomfortable despite the knowledge that these words are merely ‘social facts’ and have no real offense to them intrinsically), they tend to gravitate toward large cities where they can be anonymous (I moved back to the relatively small suburb of Kansas City where I grew up and still hang out with my friends from childhood because I missed being connected to a close knit community), they like to live their life on display (I share almost nothing about my personal life on this blog and keep most of it fiercely guarded – all of the discussion is on ideas, politics, products, or finance), and they like to be the center of attention (I’d much rather be off in a side room reading a good book or having a quiet evening with a few really close friends that I’ve known forever).

      An example of one of the most famous narcissists on the Internet is this man, who has made a tremendous amount of money and even landed on The New York Times best seller list sharing his exploits. Yet, if I read his stuff, I get a sick feeling in the pit of my stomach. I’ve never made it past an article or two because his entire thought process is so … uncomfortable to me.

      What, in my writing, could lead to a conclusion that my personality were similar to his (the above link)?

      Again, I realize you’re probably busy but I’d really appreciate it if you wrote. This is the sort of real-world sample that fascinates me!!!

      • Anon

        “What, in my writing, could lead to a conclusion that my personality were similar to his (the above link)?” I don’t think there’s anything. I think it’s more jealousy than anything else. “Why does he have to blog about his wealth?!” “Why’s he need all that money for?” “Why does he need to cook gourmet meals?” “Why can’t he eat McChicken Nuggets like me?” and on and on. Haters gonna hate. Why bother with them? Surely, don’t let it get to you or affect you.

        • Michael Starke

          Agreed. I think for a lot of people it’s easier to tear someone else down than build themselves up.

          I have different goals, and I am motivated by different things than Joshua, but I can look upon what he’s accomplished (or at least the accomplishments he has chosen to share) and be happy for him. It’s a testament to the greatness (despite the flaws we all argue about) of this nation that such a feat is possible. It gives me encouragement reading the things that Joshua posts, that I can achieve what I am aiming for not by being perfect, but by simply “not being stupid.”

          There’s always going to be adversity, I think the “Ermas” in life account for that. The real key seems to be deciding what (and who) is important, and optimizing so that the most/best of your attention is paid to the things that truly matter. No one is ever going to be in total agreement with every decision you ever make, but as long as the choices you make align with the values you’ve accepted for your life, then you can rest easy knowing that you’re doing the right thing. Besides, the internet is full of trolls anyways…

      • jen111

        Sorry Josh for the miscommunication (see above response to Anon).

        • http://www.joshuakennon.com/ Joshua Kennon

          Ah dang it! I was thinking there was going to be some perception angle I hadn’t considered in some of my writings. Had there been the appearance of narcissism in the presence of an average narcism score, there would have been a mental model at work that could account for the difference between perception and reality.

          Speaking of which – I need to write about that new iPad game “The Room”. It is fantastic …

  • Bombai

    if anyone thinks that Joshua is a narcissist they must not know the definition of the word. i’ve read a lot of his posts and also have experience with a family member who is a narcissist and it’s horrible. The clinical definition requires 5 of 9 personality traits.

    A sense of entitlement – He’s talked about how much he hates entitlement and written a ton of essays telling us all to avoid it because no one owes us anything. I can’t remember the exact quote but he often mentions something about no one has the right to any one else’s property, affection, body, or wealth and includes it in how he defines morality.

    An excessive need to be admired – The man has some of the most unpopular but still factually true opinions on the Internet. Have you seen his posts on how murder rates and abortion rates are really declining or about how people need to confront the truth that manufacturing jobs aren’t coming back due to automation? Clearly he’s not trying to win any friends. He doesn’t tell people what they want to hear even though that probably costs him a lot of readers who would otherwise like his financial stuff.

    Tendency to exploit others – In that same post on morality, Joshua talks about how any action that takes from someone else that which they don’t freely give (or something along those lines) is an immoral one that is a form of violence. He gives his content away for free and only subsidizes it with a few ads. Most of his money is going to the foundation he mentions. It’s the opposite of exploitation. someone who is exploiting others doesn’t spend hours each month writing back to messages personally. people can’t keep up shows that long. he’s been online for years doing this.

    Tendency to envy others – This is one of his big sins that he is constantly warning us against. I think he hates people who envy more than he hates communists or socialists. It comes up frequently. There is a thread a couple of years ago where one reader talks about how she struggled with envy and it wasn’t as easy to get over as he made it seem and that he should be more understanding that it is a deep personality flaw.

    A preoccupation with power – In all of his writings he defines success as having control over your time while also being able to afford the stuff you want or the lifestyle your family feels makes them happiest. The pictures he posts are of him baking or playing video games. He’s not climbing a corporate latter trying to control people. If anything he seems suspicious of control – haven’t you ever read his posts about government intrusion and privacy

    A belief in personal uniqueness – That is what half of this post is talking about. he doesn’t think he’s unique but recognizes he’s had more success than other people so he wonders if that counts. I’d say the fact he even has to ask the question probably means he isn’t self absorbed.

    Arrogance - This is one of those words people don’t ever define. It means “overbearing pride evidenced by a superior manner toward inferiors”. The site is nothing but one giant repeat of him saying “there’s nothing special about me but here are some things that worked well based on my own experience and by the way I didn’t even think of most of them here are the people who did so you should read their books”. I’ll grant you Kennon is exceedingly confident in his abilities. I think people don’t know the difference.

    Lack of empathy – Not enough info but I can’t imagine he’d do stuff like grow his hair out to give to cancer kids if didn’t feel something.

    Grandiosity – He’s always writing about how we need to accept reality for what it is and sometimes even the best laid plans don’t work out so accept it and be happy. how we need to have emergency backup plans and diversification for the sake of all of our best efforts somehow going wrong. A person who is grandiose doesn’t ever think that way. All of their plans are successful and they rule the world, even if they are homeless with no money.

    i don’t agree with everything he writes especially the stuff where he is liberal on social issues but the man is nowhere near any of these things. HE has articles about all of them and how bad they are. Its true that his biggest mistake is not realizing that he can be out of touch sometimes on the personal expenditures he thinks are reasonable but he’s in a different position than i am so that is his reality. hopefully someday it will be mine too.

    but to call someone like him a narcissist would make the person saying it look like an idiot (not calling you that). there is no way he’s even close to it.

    can you imagine if Joshua ever posted an article that said “You are entitled to success, climb over anyone to get it no matter the costs, get as much power as you can even if you are already working 100 hours a week, you are special and unlike anyone else, screw the poor kids, everything you touch will turn to gold, don’t let anyone have more than you, and if anyone criticizes you destroy them?” that’s how a narcissist who met the clinical definition would write.

    • TheLonelyHumanist

      I concur.

  • Michael Starke

    13… (Authority: 3, Self-Sufficiency: 4, Superiority: 3, Exhibitionism: 0, Exploitativeness: 1, Vanity: 1, Entitlement:2)

    I’m not shocked at the low scores for Exhibitionism, Vanity, and Exploitativeness. I found the questions about authority to be too tightly coupled to the perception of leadership. I do however find myself a bit surprised that my index was so low given my political/philosophical ideology.

    As an aside: I have to question the diagnostic value of a self-administered test like this one. As a toy example sure, but I would wager that someone who should score high on a test like this also has the skills to manipulate their answers accordingly. Admittedly, as I was reading, I could distinguish the “right” and “wrong” answers, they were quite transparent. I did write my answers down and score them afterwards to try to avoid “gaming” the test.

  • Tyler Phillips

    My total score was 5. I’m not sure if that’s a “good” thing or a “bad” thing.

    On the one hand, I guess I don’t exhibit signs of being narcissistic. On the other, can one be too modest?

    • http://www.joshuakennon.com/ Joshua Kennon

      This is just my personal thought so take it for what you will: Do you allow people to walk over you or take advantage of you in unfair ways? If so, I could see how it would be a stumbling block to your life goals. If not, I don’t think there would be a problem even it were on the lower outlier of the scale because it isn’t helping or harming your interpersonal relationships or career in any way.

      • Guest

        I agree it would be a problem if people were walking over someone. That’s not the case with me though; if anything I can be too quick to tell people when I don’t appreciate the way I’m being treated.

        I think part of the reason for my low score could be not caring about what other people are feeling, in general. One of my goals is to be more compassionate.

  • TLV

    The fact that you are undecided on the question, when the obvious answer to the rest of us is B, means that the answer for you is A.

    My first time through I scored 1, with a half dozen questions where I had to say “both” or “neither.” Going back through those questions and examining my motives, I bumped it up to 2. The funny thing is, I *thought* I could see through the questions as I was taking the quiz, and sighed in disappointment as I marked occasional answers that I thought would make me narcissistic, and then was surprised when the key turned out backwards on all but one of them.

  • Tricia Drake

    I think it’s a good idea to learn about the narcissistic personality traits. Even an “average” boss is likely to score at least a 15. In fact the average person you encounter throughout your day probably thinks of themselves in terms of these traits. I scored very low on the test, and I think it might explain why I’ve never had too much trouble dealing with “challenging” personalities. My mom always taught me “there is nothing a selfish person hates more than another selfish person”. My recommendation is that if you find yourself with a boss with narcissism in the same category as you, run as fast as you can. Otherwise, maintain your rationality and don’t worry about it too much. Maybe you should try to sniff out their categories at the interview to save yourself some trouble.

  • jen111

    Um, not sure what happened here?! Looks like I have unknowingly walked into a den of angry, hungry tigers ready to rip me apart and tear me from limb to limb. lol I was actually saying the exact opposite of what apparently everyone thought I meant.

    When I skimmed this article, I must have either been doing several things at once or else half asleep, not sure which. Anyway, I thought your were saying question #40 was the tie-breaker on whether or not you tested high for narcissism, which is why, regardless whether you answered A or B, I was disagreeing in that I really didn’t get a narcissistic vibe from you. When I said, “I can totally see how you come off as or would be perceived as narcissistic,” I was thinking about the angry emails you had mentioned receiving from time to time from people who had read an article or two of yours and then as a result shot off hate mail implying various things of this sort. I can see how they might have taken you for that in singular instances, quotes, jokes, etc., but had they spent any time at all reading any of your stuff, they would see how this isn’t the case.

    • jen111

      I actually meant it as a compliment, even though it came out about half-baked. lol too much multi-tasking= a lot of half-bakes :D

      • jen111

        Btw, I have told a lot of people about your articles on this site and about.com. I think your work speaks for itself!

  • Ian Francis

    20… Interesting. Apparently I am a narcissist. Or at least more of one than you. Though I question the validity of the test since many of those questions do not have opposite answers. I repeatedly thought A, yes. B, yes. Maybe I should have taken half a point for those?

    • http://www.joshuakennon.com/ Joshua Kennon

      I hate multiple choice tests, too. Most of them are so poorly designed. Life is nuanced.

      The Narcissistic Personality Inventory is meant to test “normal” or “sub-clinical” narcissism. Even someone who scored a 38 out of 40 wouldn’t, necessarily, have Narcissistic Personality Disorder, though they would be far more narcissistic, and be more likely to have NPD, than someone who scored a 3. At least that is how I understand it based on everything I’m reading but I am not a psychologist.

      A narcissist in the true meaning of the term has to fit at least 5 of the 9 personality traits that are in another one of the comments in this thread somewhere.

      Since beginning to study it, I now remember the signs as “EEEE AA PUG!” and picture Andre the Giant ordering Leona Helmsley to “Eat a Pug” – as in a tiny bulldog puppy – in his accent. For some reason, he is also holding a giant caveman club and pointing insistently at a pen full of pugs in a tiny hobbit-like house as he crossly looks at Helmsley, who is sitting on a small wooden chair. That way, I can recall Envy, Exploitation, Empathy (lack of), Entitlement, Arrogance, Admiration (Need for), Power (Preoccupation with), Uniqueness (Belief in own), Grandiosity.

      Helmsley was a famous, billionaire narcissist who left her fortune to the dogs. Literally.

      • Ian Francis

        That has to be one of the most detailed mnemonic I have ever heard of. I can’t get it out of my head. Now I will forever remember it too.

  • http://www.joshuakennon.com/ Joshua Kennon

    I do, actually. A couple of years ago, some readers and I had a discussion about accurately evaluating your own progress that ties closely in with self-grandeur. I’ll add it to this week’s to-be-written article list. I’m still working on a post of recommended reading from last week so I’ll try to get it done around the same time.